The netfilter code had very good documentation: the Netfilter Hacking HOWTO.
Noone ever read it.
So this time I'm trying something different, using a bit of Knuthiness.
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
--- /dev/null
+#! /bin/sh
+
+set -e
+
+PREFIX=$1
+shift
+
+trap 'rm -r $TMPDIR' 0
+TMPDIR=`mktemp -d`
+
+exec 3>/dev/null
+for f; do
+ while IFS="
+" read -r LINE; do
+ case "$LINE" in
+ *$PREFIX:[0-9]*:\**)
+ NUM=`echo "$LINE" | sed "s/.*$PREFIX:\([0-9]*\).*/\1/"`
+ if [ -f $TMPDIR/$NUM ]; then
+ echo "$TMPDIR/$NUM already exits prior to $f"
+ exit 1
+ fi
+ exec 3>>$TMPDIR/$NUM
+ echo $f | sed 's,\.\./,,g' > $TMPDIR/.$NUM
+ /bin/echo "$LINE" | sed -e "s/$PREFIX:[0-9]*//" -e "s/:\*/*/" >&3
+ ;;
+ *$PREFIX:[0-9]*)
+ NUM=`echo "$LINE" | sed "s/.*$PREFIX:\([0-9]*\).*/\1/"`
+ if [ -f $TMPDIR/$NUM ]; then
+ echo "$TMPDIR/$NUM already exits prior to $f"
+ exit 1
+ fi
+ exec 3>>$TMPDIR/$NUM
+ echo $f | sed 's,\.\./,,g' > $TMPDIR/.$NUM
+ /bin/echo "$LINE" | sed "s/$PREFIX:[0-9]*//" >&3
+ ;;
+ *:\**)
+ /bin/echo "$LINE" | sed -e "s/:\*/*/" -e "s,/\*\*/,," >&3
+ echo >&3
+ exec 3>/dev/null
+ ;;
+ *)
+ /bin/echo "$LINE" >&3
+ ;;
+ esac
+ done < $f
+ echo >&3
+ exec 3>/dev/null
+done
+
+LASTFILE=""
+for f in $TMPDIR/*; do
+ if [ "$LASTFILE" != $(cat $TMPDIR/.$(basename $f) ) ]; then
+ LASTFILE=$(cat $TMPDIR/.$(basename $f) )
+ echo "[ $LASTFILE ]"
+ fi
+ cat $f
+done
+
-/* Simple program to layout "physical" memory for new lguest guest.
- * Linked high to avoid likely physical memory. */
+/*P:100 This is the Launcher code, a simple program which lays out the
+ * "physical" memory for the new Guest by mapping the kernel image and the
+ * virtual devices, then reads repeatedly from /dev/lguest to run the Guest.
+ *
+ * The only trick: the Makefile links it at a high address so it will be clear
+ * of the guest memory region. It means that each Guest cannot have more than
+ * about 2.5G of memory on a normally configured Host. :*/
#define _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <stdio.h>
obj-$(CONFIG_LGUEST) += lg.o
lg-y := core.o hypercalls.o page_tables.o interrupts_and_traps.o \
segments.o io.o lguest_user.o switcher.o
+
+Preparation Preparation!: PREFIX=P
+Guest: PREFIX=G
+Drivers: PREFIX=D
+Launcher: PREFIX=L
+Host: PREFIX=H
+Switcher: PREFIX=S
+Mastery: PREFIX=M
+Beer:
+ @for f in Preparation Guest Drivers Launcher Host Switcher Mastery; do echo "{==- $$f -==}"; make -s $$f; done; echo "{==-==}"
+Preparation Preparation! Guest Drivers Launcher Host Switcher Mastery:
+ @sh ../../Documentation/lguest/extract $(PREFIX) `find ../../* -name '*.[chS]' -wholename '*lguest*'`
--- /dev/null
+Welcome, friend reader, to lguest.
+
+Lguest is an adventure, with you, the reader, as Hero. I can't think of many
+5000-line projects which offer both such capability and glimpses of future
+potential; it is an exciting time to be delving into the source!
+
+But be warned; this is an arduous journey of several hours or more! And as we
+know, all true Heroes are driven by a Noble Goal. Thus I offer a Beer (or
+equivalent) to anyone I meet who has completed this documentation.
+
+So get comfortable and keep your wits about you (both quick and humorous).
+Along your way to the Noble Goal, you will also gain masterly insight into
+lguest, and hypervisors and x86 virtualization in general.
+
+Our Quest is in seven parts: (best read with C highlighting turned on)
+
+I) Preparation
+ - In which our potential hero is flown quickly over the landscape for a
+ taste of its scope. Suitable for the armchair coders and other such
+ persons of faint constitution.
+
+II) Guest
+ - Where we encounter the first tantalising wisps of code, and come to
+ understand the details of the life of a Guest kernel.
+
+III) Drivers
+ - Whereby the Guest finds its voice and become useful, and our
+ understanding of the Guest is completed.
+
+IV) Launcher
+ - Where we trace back to the creation of the Guest, and thus begin our
+ understanding of the Host.
+
+V) Host
+ - Where we master the Host code, through a long and tortuous journey.
+ Indeed, it is here that our hero is tested in the Bit of Despair.
+
+VI) Switcher
+ - Where our understanding of the intertwined nature of Guests and Hosts
+ is completed.
+
+VII) Mastery
+ - Where our fully fledged hero grapples with the Great Question:
+ "What next?"
+
+make Preparation!
+Rusty Russell.
-/* World's simplest hypervisor, to test paravirt_ops and show
- * unbelievers that virtualization is the future. Plus, it's fun! */
+/*P:400 This contains run_guest() which actually calls into the Host<->Guest
+ * Switcher and analyzes the return, such as determining if the Guest wants the
+ * Host to do something. This file also contains useful helper routines, and a
+ * couple of non-obvious setup and teardown pieces which were implemented after
+ * days of debugging pain. :*/
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/stringify.h>
#include <linux/stddef.h>
-/* Actual hypercalls, which allow guests to actually do something.
- Copyright (C) 2006 Rusty Russell IBM Corporation
+/*P:500 Just as userspace programs request kernel operations through a system
+ * call, the Guest requests Host operations through a "hypercall". You might
+ * notice this nomenclature doesn't really follow any logic, but the name has
+ * been around for long enough that we're stuck with it. As you'd expect, this
+ * code is basically a one big switch statement. :*/
+
+/* Copyright (C) 2006 Rusty Russell IBM Corporation
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+/*P:800 Interrupts (traps) are complicated enough to earn their own file.
+ * There are three classes of interrupts:
+ *
+ * 1) Real hardware interrupts which occur while we're running the Guest,
+ * 2) Interrupts for virtual devices attached to the Guest, and
+ * 3) Traps and faults from the Guest.
+ *
+ * Real hardware interrupts must be delivered to the Host, not the Guest.
+ * Virtual interrupts must be delivered to the Guest, but we make them look
+ * just like real hardware would deliver them. Traps from the Guest can be set
+ * up to go directly back into the Guest, but sometimes the Host wants to see
+ * them first, so we also have a way of "reflecting" them into the Guest as if
+ * they had been delivered to it directly. :*/
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#include "lg.h"
-/* Simple I/O model for guests, based on shared memory.
- * Copyright (C) 2006 Rusty Russell IBM Corporation
+/*P:300 The I/O mechanism in lguest is simple yet flexible, allowing the Guest
+ * to talk to the Launcher or directly to another Guest. It uses familiar
+ * concepts of DMA and interrupts, plus some neat code stolen from
+ * futexes... :*/
+
+/* Copyright (C) 2006 Rusty Russell IBM Corporation
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-/*
- * Lguest specific paravirt-ops implementation
+/*P:010
+ * A hypervisor allows multiple Operating Systems to run on a single machine.
+ * To quote David Wheeler: "Any problem in computer science can be solved with
+ * another layer of indirection."
+ *
+ * We keep things simple in two ways. First, we start with a normal Linux
+ * kernel and insert a module (lg.ko) which allows us to run other Linux
+ * kernels the same way we'd run processes. We call the first kernel the Host,
+ * and the others the Guests. The program which sets up and configures Guests
+ * (such as the example in Documentation/lguest/lguest.c) is called the
+ * Launcher.
+ *
+ * Secondly, we only run specially modified Guests, not normal kernels. When
+ * you set CONFIG_LGUEST to 'y' or 'm', this automatically sets
+ * CONFIG_LGUEST_GUEST=y, which compiles this file into the kernel so it knows
+ * how to be a Guest. This means that you can use the same kernel you boot
+ * normally (ie. as a Host) as a Guest.
*
+ * These Guests know that they cannot do privileged operations, such as disable
+ * interrupts, and that they have to ask the Host to do such things explicitly.
+ * This file consists of all the replacements for such low-level native
+ * hardware operations: these special Guest versions call the Host.
+ *
+ * So how does the kernel know it's a Guest? The Guest starts at a special
+ * entry point marked with a magic string, which sets up a few things then
+ * calls here. We replace the native functions in "struct paravirt_ops"
+ * with our Guest versions, then boot like normal. :*/
+
+/*
* Copyright (C) 2006, Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> IBM Corporation.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+/*P:050 Lguest guests use a very simple bus for devices. It's a simple array
+ * of device descriptors contained just above the top of normal memory. The
+ * lguest bus is 80% tedious boilerplate code. :*/
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/bootmem.h>
#include <linux/lguest_bus.h>
-/* Userspace control of the guest, via /dev/lguest. */
+/*P:200 This contains all the /dev/lguest code, whereby the userspace launcher
+ * controls and communicates with the Guest. For example, the first write will
+ * tell us the memory size, pagetable, entry point and kernel address offset.
+ * A read will run the Guest until a signal is pending (-EINTR), or the Guest
+ * does a DMA out to the Launcher. Writes are also used to get a DMA buffer
+ * registered by the Guest and to send the Guest an interrupt. :*/
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/miscdevice.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
-/* Shadow page table operations.
- * Copyright (C) Rusty Russell IBM Corporation 2006.
+/*P:700 The pagetable code, on the other hand, still shows the scars of
+ * previous encounters. It's functional, and as neat as it can be in the
+ * circumstances, but be wary, for these things are subtle and break easily.
+ * The Guest provides a virtual to physical mapping, but we can neither trust
+ * it nor use it: we verify and convert it here to point the hardware to the
+ * actual Guest pages when running the Guest. :*/
+
+/* Copyright (C) Rusty Russell IBM Corporation 2006.
* GPL v2 and any later version */
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
+/*P:600 The x86 architecture has segments, which involve a table of descriptors
+ * which can be used to do funky things with virtual address interpretation.
+ * We originally used to use segments so the Guest couldn't alter the
+ * Guest<->Host Switcher, and then we had to trim Guest segments, and restore
+ * for userspace per-thread segments, but trim again for on userspace->kernel
+ * transitions... This nightmarish creation was contained within this file,
+ * where we knew not to tread without heavy armament and a change of underwear.
+ *
+ * In these modern times, the segment handling code consists of simple sanity
+ * checks, and the worst you'll experience reading this code is butterfly-rash
+ * from frolicking through its parklike serenity. :*/
#include "lg.h"
static int desc_ok(const struct desc_struct *gdt)
-/* This code sits at 0xFFC00000 to do the low-level guest<->host switch.
+/*P:900 This is the Switcher: code which sits at 0xFFC00000 to do the low-level
+ * Guest<->Host switch. It is as simple as it can be made, but it's naturally
+ * very specific to x86.
+ *
+ * You have now completed Preparation. If this has whet your appetite; if you
+ * are feeling invigorated and refreshed then the next, more challenging stage
+ * can be found in "make Guest". :*/
- There is are two pages above us for this CPU (struct lguest_pages).
- The second page (struct lguest_ro_state) becomes read-only after the
- context switch. The first page (the stack for traps) remains writable,
- but while we're in here, the guest cannot be running.
-*/
#include <linux/linkage.h>
#include <asm/asm-offsets.h>
#include "lg.h"
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